![]() ![]() Redirector software#In situations where the Refresh header is dynamically generated using user supplied content, it could leave an application vulnerable to an HTTP Response Splitting attack as was the case in a PhpBB vulnerability discovered by Ory Segal in 2004.USB Redirector is a professional software application whose purpose is to help you share and access any USB device over the Internet or Local Area Network (LAN). In this example, after 10 seconds, the browser would redirect to. It was implemented as a feature in Netscape Navigator 1.1 and is now supported by most modern browsers. Refresh Header - The Refresh header is not detailed in any HTTP RFCs but was instead introduced by Netscape in a paper entitled An Exploration ofĭynamic Documents. For example, in the following example the browser will redirect to after 5 seconds:Ĥ. Providing an alternate URIallows the element to be used as a timed URL redirector. META REFRESH Tag - An HTML meta element which specifies the time in seconds before the browser is to refresh the page. The following examples uses JavaScript to redirect the browser to :ģ. Client Side Scripting - A variety of client side scripting languages can be used to implement URL redirection. The destination of the redirection is determined by the Location header.Ģ. Redirector code#Therefore, status code 307 was added to explicitly indicate that the redirected request method should not be altered. While 302 was originally intended to require that the redirected request not alter the request method, in practice many clients changed the redirected request method to a GET request. This is generally used by the output of POST driven scripts.ģ07 Temporary Redirect - Much like the 302 status code, 307 indicates a temporary redirection. HTTP 3xx Status Codes - RFC 2616 - "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1" defines a variety of 3xx status codes that will cause a browser to redirect to a specified location:ģ00 Multiple Choices - Multiple possible destinations selected either by the user or user agent determined by agent-driven negotiation information.ģ01 Moved Permanently - Indicates that the resource has been permanently moved and that the redirected URI should be used for future requests.ģ02 Found - Indicates that the resource has been temporarily moved and that future requests should therefore continue to use the initially requested URI.ģ03 See Other - The response can be requested from an alternate URI which should be requested using a GET method. A brief overview of each is described below.ġ. There are multiple ways to implement URL redirectors. For example, the URL below displays the same redirected URL but the '' domain has been converted to its hexadecimal equivalent. Attackers can also enhance such a social engineering attack by further obfuscating the redirected URL through various obfuscation techniques. This may succeed because users are accustomed to only recognizing the initial domain name or perhaps lengthy URLs will be truncated in the display. ![]() ![]() When the victim checks the destination URL perhaps by hovering over the link and noting the address in the status bar they may mistakenly believe that they were surfing to the trusted origial_, not the site. For example, an attacker could leverage the previous redirect to trick a user into surfing to the attacker controlled website by embedding the following URL in an HTML email message: When such functionality is identified on popular websites, phishers will take advantage of it to fool unsuspecting users into believing that they are navigating to the well known site as opposed to the attacker controlled site. In the example below, instead of linking directly to external_, a link points to redirect functionality at the local redirect.html page and passes in the ultimate destination as a parameter. One way that sites keep track of external links followed is to redirect the user from a local resource rather than linking directly to the external site. This information would not ordinarily be captured in the server logs as the browser would simply make a request to the external site and not communicate further with the original site. In the example below, assume that original_ wants to log external links that visitors follow when leaving the site. ![]()
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